Vườn quốc gia phong nha
Bạn đang xem: Vườn quốc gia phong nha
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Phong Nha-Ke Bang (Vietnamese: Vườn tổ quốc Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng) is one of the world"s largest karst regions with 300 caves and grottoes. They extend about 70 kilometers (43 mi) with the world"s longest underground river, as well as the largest caverns and passageways ever discovered.<1> The government of Vietnam declared Phong Nha-Ke Bang a national park in 2001 khổng lồ protect the cave và grotto system as well as the ecosystem of the limestone forest there. Some of the evergreen trees are dated at 500 to lớn 600 years old. Among the hundreds of types of flora, thirty six endangered species thrive. Fauna abounds throughout the park as well, including twenty three endangered species và sixty six receiving special protection from the Vietnamese government.
The region is also important as an archeological site. Neolithic artifacts have been found from Vietnam"s prehistoric period as well as excellent samples of hieroglyphic script of the Cham tribe. It is thought by some archeologists that the Bi Ky grotto may have housed a Champa mosque during the ninth through eleventh centuries. Champa inscriptions from early Vietnamese history have been carved on steles and altars. Champa-style ceramics as well have been discovered there. UNESCO declared Phong Nha-Ke Bang a World Heritage Site in 2003.<2>
Location
Phong Nha-Ke Bang is located in the ba Trạch và Minh Hóa districts of central quang Binh Province, in north-central Vietnam, about 500 kilometers south of the nation"s capital, Hanoi. The park borders the Hin Namno Nature Reserve in the province of Khammouan, Laos by the west, forty two kilometers east of South trung quốc Sea. Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is located in a limestone zone of 200,000 hectare in Vietnamese territory and borders another limestone zone of 200,000 hectares of Hin Namno in Laotian territory. The bộ vi xử lý core zone of the national park covers 85,754 hectares và a buffer zone of 195,400 ha.<1>
Exploration
Champa inscriptions carved on steles và altars in the cave give evidence that people had inhabited the cave long before Vietnam annexed the area in the nam giới Tien southward expansion. In 1550, Dương Văn An became the first Vietnamese man khổng lồ write about Phong Nha cave. Phong Nha cave has been depicted in nine urns in the Citadel of the Nguyen Dynasty in Huế.<1> In 1824, king Minh mang conferred the title "Diệu ứng bỏ ra thần" (Han Tu: 妙應之神) on Phong Nha cave. Nguyen kings bestowed the title "Thần Hiển Linh" (Han Tu: 神顯靈).
In the late nineteenth century, Léopold Michel Cadière, a French Catholic priest, conducted an expedition to lớn explore Phong Nha cave, in which he discovered Champa scripts. He proclaimed Phong Nha cave "the number one cave of Indochina."<3> In July 1924, an English expeditionist, Barton, declared Phong Nha cave second khổng lồ neither of famous caves of Padirac (France), or Cuevas del Drach (Spain) in respect khổng lồ beauty.<4>
In 1935, a local inhabitant accidentally discovered a beautiful cave one kilometer from Phong Nha cave mouth, at a depth of 200 meters. The cave received the name Tien Son cave (lit.: Fairy-tale cave), or Dry cave because of the lack of an underground river. In 1937, the Bureau of Tourism of French Resident Superior (in Huế) issued a brochure khổng lồ promote tourism in quang quẻ Binh, introducing Phong Nha Cave in the brochure. Before 1990, Vietnamese và foreign groups conducted several explorations. From 1990 the number of discovery & research expeditions increased dramatically, leading khổng lồ a drafting of documents recommending the site as a UNESCO for World Natural Heritage designation.
Geography & climate
The Vietnamese government officially declared the Phong Nha Nature Reserve on August 9, 1986, designating an area of 5,000 ha, later extending that lớn 41,132 ha by 1991. On December 12, 2001, the Vietnamese Prime Minister announced upgrading the nature reserve to a national park to protect the biodiversity of the park, especially rare species of fauna và flora native to the region. The park covers a total area of 857.54 square kilometers divided into three zones, a "strictly protected zone" (648.94 km²), an "ecological recovery zone" (174.49 km²), & an "administrative service zone" (34.11 km²).
Climate
The national park has a tropical, hot, & humid climate with an annual mean temperature of 23 lớn 25 °C, a maximum temperature of 41 °C in the summer và a minimum of 6 °C in the winter. The hottest months fall between June to August, with an average temperature of 28 °C, & the coldest months from December lớn February, with an average temperature of 18 °C. Annual rainfall measures 2,000 mm khổng lồ 2,500 mm, và 88 percent of the rainfall between July khổng lồ December. Mean annual relative humidity measures 84 percent.
Geological formation
The Phong Nha–Ke Bang karst has evolved since the Paleozoic (some 400 million years ago), the oldest major karst area in Asia. Massive tectonic changes, comprising a series of rock types that inter-bed in complex ways, have occurred. As many as seven different major levels of karst development have occurred as a result of tectonic uplift và changing sea levels, making the karst landscape of the park extremely complex with high a geodiversity & many geomorphic features. Like much of Vietnam, the limestones of Phong Nha have inter-bedded with a number of other rocks. Investigations point to sulfurous solution và hydrothermal kích hoạt playing an important role in shaping the broad-scale landscape and the caves.
Five stages of the Earth"s crust development and movement impacted Phong Nha-Ke Bang: Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Stage (about 450 Ma), Middle-late Devonian Stage (about 340 Ma), Carboniferous-Permian (about 300 Ma), Mesozoic Orogenic stage, và Cenozoic stage. Phong Nha-Ke Bang also contains two dozen mountain peaks over 1,000 meters high. Noteworthy peaks include the Peak teo Rilata with a height of 1,128 meters và the Peak teo Preu with a height of 1,213 meters.
Besides the grotto & cave systems, Phong Nha has the longest underground river in the world. The Son and Chay are the main rivers in the national park. Most of caves have been shaped by Son và Chay Rivers. The Son River flows into the mouth of the Phong Nha cave and continues underground. Called the nam giới Aki River, it emerges 20 kilometers khổng lồ the south near Pu-Pha-Dam Mountain. Ten spectacular streams, springs and waterfalls exist in Phong Nha-Ke Bang area, namely: Gió waterfall, Madame Loan waterfall, Mọc stream erupting from a limestone mount range, và Trạ Ang stream.<5>
Phong Nha-Ke Bang covers 300 different grottoes and caves. Phong Nha cave has been evaluated as the vị trí cao nhất cave in the world due khổng lồ its four records: the longest underground river, the highest và longest cave, broadest & most beautiful fine sand beaches inside the caves, the most spectacular stalagmites & stalactites.<6> According khổng lồ the assessment of UNESCO, "The karst formation of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park has evolved since the Paleozoic (some 400 million years ago) & so is the oldest major karst area in Asia"<7> & "Phong Nha displays an impressive amount of evidence of earth’s history. It is a site of very great importance for increasing our understanding of the geologic, geomorphic và geo-chronological history of the region."<7>
The Phong Nha cave
The Phong Nha cave inspired the name for the Park. Famous rock formations have been given names such as the "Lion," the "Fairy Caves," the "Royal Court," & the "Buddha." The cave measures 7729 meters long, contains fourteen grottoes, with a 13,969 meter long underground river. Scientists have surveyed 44.5 kilometers of grottoes in the cave so far, but visitors may explore only a distance of 1500 meters.<1> The main Phong Nha cave includes fourteen chambers, connected by an underwater river that runs for 1.5 kilometers. Secondary corridors branch off in several directions. The Outer Cave and some of the Inner Caves have roofs that tower between twenty five và forty meters above the water level. Notable caves & grottoes include Phong Nha Cave system, Vom Cave systems, the Tien Son Cave, và Thien Duong Cave.
Biodiversity in the park
Florae
The park belongs khổng lồ the Annamites eco-region. Tropical dense moist evergreen forest on limestone under 800 meters above sea cấp độ comprises by far the largest vegetation type. Forest cover 96.2 percent of the national park, 92.2 percent constituting intact primary forest. <8> According khổng lồ the results of initial surveys, the primary tropical forest in Phong Nha-Ke Bang 140 families, 427 genera, & 751 species of vascular plants, including thirty six endangered species.
Hopea sp., Sumbaviopsis albicans, Garcinia fragraeoides, Burretionendron hsienmu, Chukrasia tabularis, Photinia aroboreum, và Dysospyros saletti constitute the most common tree species in the park. Seedlings can only grow in holes và cracks in the limestone where soil has accumulated, so in general regeneration after disturbance proceeds slowly. Evergreen tree species with scattered deciduous trees such as Dipterocarpus kerri, Anogeissus acuminate, Pometia pinnata, và Lagerstroemia calyculata dominate the forest.
The dominant plant families include the Lauraceae, Fagacaeae, Theaceae và Rosaceae, with some scattered gymnosperms such as Podocarpus imbricatus, Podocarpus neriifolius, và Nageia fleuryi.<8> A 5000-ha forest of Calocedrus macrolepis on limestone (Calocedrus rupestris) mounts with about 2,500 trees, 600 per hectare exists, constituting the largest forest with this tree in Vietnam. Most of the trees have been dated at 500 to lớn 600 years old.
Xem thêm: Tour Du Lịch Ấn Độ Vietravel, Tour Du Lịch Ấn Độ Của Vietravel 2022/2023
Faunae
The forest serves as trang chủ to ninety eight families, 256 genera & 381 species of vertebrates. Sixty-six animal species have been listed in Vietnam"s Red Data Book and twenty three other species in the World Red Book of Endangered Species. In 2005, a group of Vietnamese biologists, together with biologists working for the park, Cologne Zoo in Germany và the Saint Petersburg Wild Zoology Institute in Russia discovered a new species of gecko (Lygosoma boehmeiwas).<9>
The Gaur, và one specie of eel, have been discovered in the park.<1> Scientists discovered ten species never seen before in Vietnam.<10> The Park hosts significant populations of primates, with ten species and sub-species. Those include the globally vulnerable Pig-tailed Macaque, Assamese Macaque, Stump-tailed Macaque and White-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys & Nomascus leucogenys siki). The Park hosts the largest population of Francois" Langur in Vietnam, including two different forms of the specie. A population of Hatinh Langur & Black Langur, the largest population of those species in the world & the only population represented in a protected area, inhabit the park.
Other endangered large mammals include the Mainland Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), Giant Muntjac (Megamuntiacus vuquangensis), & the Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis). The Asiatic black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) and Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus) live in the park. Other smaller mammals include Sunda Pangolins (Manis javanica) and the recently discovered Striped hare, called locally "tho van" (Nesolagus timminsii). Ten bat species listed in the IUCN menu of Threatened Species have been recorded in the park.
Of the fifty nine recorded reptile and amphibian species, the Vietnam"s Red Data Book lists eighteen while the IUCN Red menu of Threatened Animals lists six. The seventy two fish species include four species endemic to lớn the area, including Chela quangbinhensis.<1> The park offers refuge to over 200 bird species, inclusive of several rare birds such as: Chestnut-necklaced Partridge, Red-collared Woodpecker, Brown Hornbill, Sooty Babbler and Short-tailed Scimitar-babbler.<11> The Vietnamese Pheasant (Lophura hatinhensis) & Imperial Pheasant (Lophura imperialis) species have been spotted in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng area.<3>
In an initial survey, Russian và Vietnamese scientists from Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre (funded by WWF) recorded 259 butterfly species in eleven families. Almost all major butterfly taxa in Vietnam have been sighted in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park.<3>
Human History
Neolithic axe heads và similar artifacts found in some of the caves give evidence of the first human habitation in the area. An ancient hieroglyphic script of the Cham ethnic minority had been found in Phong Nha-Ke Bang .<1> In 1995, the Archeological Institute of Vietnam noted Phong Nha cave as an extremely important archeological site, suggesting that the Bi Ky grotto may have sheltered a Champa mosque from the ninth to eleventh century. Inside Phong Nha cave, many Champa style ceramics with lotus-shaped ruby-colored, & slight pink mouth earthenware vases have been found.<12>
In early twentieth century, cave explorers and researchers from France và the UK discovered several ancient Champa and Vietnamese relics, such as altars, steles, hieroglyphic script, sculptures, stone statues, Buddha statues, & Chinese artifacts. King tê mê Nghi built a base for the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonialism during the late nineteenth century.<1> During the Vietnam War, the caves served as an impregnable major base of the North Vietnamese Army.<12>
Management issues
Management activities
The Park Management Board includes 115 people serving as zoologists, botanists, silviculturists, and socio-economists. The management staff lacks the authority khổng lồ fine violators & lacks equipment like helicopters and sufficient funds, hamstringing their attempts lớn efficiently giảm giá khuyến mãi with natural và human threats to the park.<1> The government has created an eighteen hectare semi-wild zone, surrounded by electrical wire fence, for the primate species. The preserve had been sponsored by Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt (Germany) khổng lồ provide a sanctuary for ten species of primates, including Trachypithecus francoisi hatinhensis, red-shanked douc langur or Pygathrix nemaeus nemaeus).<13>
Threats lớn biodiversity
Two villages, Arem & Ma Coong, exist in the vi xử lý core zone of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. The buffer zone has a population of 52,001, mainly ghê people and other minority groups of Chut và Van Kieu. Many of the villagers living in the buffer zone exploit the forest for a livelihood. The increase of visitors khổng lồ the park has increased water pollution & rubbish pollution. Hunting by locals has been a significant threat to lớn the wildlife, especially the wild pig, binturong, rare eels lượt thích Anguilla marmorota and Anguilla bicolo, và primates.<14>
Locals cutting of rare wood such as Go Mun wood (Diospyros spp.) và Go Hue wood (Dalbergia rimosa) has harmed the forests. During the construction of roads, blasts and construction work have kept several primates away from their regular habitat.<15> Limestone in Phong Nha-Ke Bang area has been exploited for commercial purposes by local inhabitants. The provincial government approved a 3600MW coal-fueled thermoelectric plant in Vĩnh sơn village, Quảng Đông commune, quang đãng Trach district, forty kilometers northeast of the national park. The project has many environmentalists deeply concerned.<16>
International funding
The German government announced on November 3, 2005, funding of 12.6 million euros for the purpose of protecting the biodiversity of the park.<17> They earmarked the funds for the park"s management board. In 2007, the German government donated a further 1.8 million euros khổng lồ Vietnam for protection of the park.
Xem thêm: Chuyến Bay Hà Nội Huế 2021, Đặt Mua Vé Máy Bay Hà Nội Đi Huế Giá Rẻ
<18>
Fauna & Flora International (FFI) donated USD 132,000 khổng lồ Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Management Board for the protection of primates in the park as well as in the buffer zone. In 1998, Fauna & Flora International conducted a training program for the management staff of the park. The British Commission for International Development sponsored a fund for the WWF to lớn protect the biodiversity in the park và in the adjacent Hin Namno Nature Reserve in Laos. The Fauna và Flora International also received environmental funding from the British Department for Environment, Food và Rural Affairs to implement a chiến dịch targeted at increasing awareness about biodiversity protection among tourists và locals.<11>
